Project Management on World Trade Organization ministerial Conference of 2005

Official Summary The point of this report is to examine the venture the board angles identifying with the World Trade Organisation’s (WTO) clerical gathering in 2005. This report subtleties the issues identifying with venture the executives and the effect of the undertaking the board rehearses on the result of the occasion. It recognizes the key partners in the venture and the job they had in deciding the achievement/disappointment of the undertaking. This report further talks about the job of the initiative and the powerful group building and the board aptitudes and the amount of an effect these had in the fruitful venture conveyance. Presentation The World Trade Organization (WTO) Sixth Ministerial Conference which is curtailed as MC6 and prevalently known as the Hong Kong Ministerial Conference was held between the thirteenth and eighteenth December, 2005 at the Hong Kong Convention and Exhibition Center. The complete pivot expected for the gathering was agents from around 148 nations over the globe. The Hong Kong People’s Alliance drove a dissent on the WTO which primarily comprised of ranchers from South Korea. The three principle assigned dissent zones included Wan Chai Sports ground and the locale around Wan Chai Cargo Handling Basin. The absolute spending plan for the clerical gathering was Hong Kong $250 million (WTO, 2005).BackgroundThe most noteworthy dynamic body of the World Trade Organization is the Ministerial Conference that meets at least once at regular intervals. This clerical meeting gives the association the course and aides in the dynamic procedure (HKPA, 2006). The gathering held from thirteenth ⠀ eighteenth December 2005 is the 6th pastoral meeting and was planned for settling on a choice about the progression of homestead exchange and arriving at an understanding identifying with ranch endowments . It additionally focused on effectively finishing up the 2006 Doha Round (Target WTO, 2005).The job of the task managerThe venture supervisor of the WTO meeting 2005 is answerable for the accomplishment of the undertaking and furthermore guaranteeing that the partners connections are all around kept up and that all the partners can adequately convey and share their thoughts regarding farming issues (Heydon, 2006). Given that the WTO ecclesiastical gatherings assume a significant job in the dynamic procedure and guaranteeing that multilateral exchange understandings are easily executed, the job of the venture chief can't be thought little of (Alam, 2008). This report examines the job of the undertaking administrator in building up great partner connections and his job in the achievement of the project.Project Objectives and ScopeThe destinations and extent of the 2005 HK WTO meeting was to set up: Market get to †decrease in the duty of merchandise Domestic help †direct installments to be made to the ranchers and neighborhood makers Export Subsidies Services †expel limitations globally in different assistance parts and Singapore Issues †interest for straightforwardness parents in law, reasonable rivalry and so forth. (UN, 2005) The extent of the undertaking the executives arranging exercises included course of action of scene, security and crisis, association of coordinations, overseeing media, planning and hazard and possibility arranging (Alam, 2008). Partner Analysis This segment of the report examines the key partners in the HK WWTO 2005 gathering, partner examination techniques to adequately speak with these partners so as to guarantee smooth correspondence. Partner Analysis is characterized as the action which examinations inside and out the mentalities of all the key partners towards an undertaking (Goodpaster, 1991). Different definitions by scientists (Freeman, 1984) incorporate ‘a gathering of people who can influence or be influenced by the accomplishment of the association objectives’.Key StakeholdersThe key partners of the WTO incorporate the part countries, the merchants, tradesmen, ranchers and different classes of exchange affiliations, the media, general society, administering bodies, the worldwide exchange network. It additionally incorporates everyone and open that are influenced straightforwardly or by implication because of the understandings and courses of action made by the WTO Ministerial meeting board (Alam, 2008).High Power , High InterestOne of the part countries that holds high force just as high enthusiasm for the World Trade Organization. There are an aggregate of 153 countries in the WTO and the USA draws in with different countries and plays an influential position in the WTO ecclesiastical. For example, USA assumed a key job in the Doha Conference and was acc used both legitimately and in a roundabout way for holding up the discussions and the advancement of the meetings. Given the high force and intrigue it holds in the WTO, USA means to help its fares. It assumes a significant job in the WTO dealings to upgrade its position in the WTO as a ‘leader’ and furthermore to utilize the chance to start converses with its exchanging accomplices like Japan and India. Given its capacity, most choices of the exchange adjusts are exceptionally impacted by the United States (BBC, 2013).High Power, Low InterestHong Kong as one of the key individuals from the WTO was the host to the fifth pastoral meeting in the year 2005. Despite the fact that being a key part, Hong Kong has not indicated a lot of enthusiasm for the exercises of the WTO and has not made any proactive strides in issue goals of the progressing issues of the WTO. Be it horticulture or ecological issues,Hong Kong stays to be a quiet observer much of the time which plainly de monstrates the absence of enthusiasm for affecting the part states or guiding them to dynamic on explicit issues (BBC, 2013).Low Power, High InterestThe ranchers and the agribusiness network worldwide have high enthusiasm for the exercises of the WTO as the exchange understandings that are arranged and settled upon have a genuine bearing on their occupation and concerns. There is a developing concern identifying with more attractive exchange markets, food security and cultivating endowments. In spite of the fact that there is a great deal of intrigue appeared by the cultivating network, they don't have the ability to talk and henceforth don't have the affecting capacity. The expansion in the self destruction paces of ranchers is additionally credited to the disappointment of WTO to comprehend their interests and the absence of straightforwardness and imbalance in dealings of the WTO (Long, 2007; Shiva, 2014). Analysts likewise propose that there is an absence of comprehension from t he WTO advisory group individuals on the requirements of the ranchers and the choices made are not in accordance with their requests (Anderson and Martin, 2005).Low Power, Low InterestThe last sort of partners have the least force and are additionally not a lot of intrigued by the exercises of the WTO. The residents of Hong Kong for instance, have a place with this partner gathering. Given that the multilateral understandings are tremendous and complex, the specialists don't have the limit and capacity to examine the subtleties everything being equal. Additionally, the specialists of a nation are not considered responsible for the dealings and understandings marked. This causes them to lose intrigue given that they neither have the force nor the ability to impact the dynamic. Likewise there are limitations that disallow them from scrutinizing the position (Keohane and Nye, 2001; Scharpf, 2000). Partner Management Partner the board is fundamental for the smooth correspondence and working of an association and furthermore to guarantee that the targets of the association are accomplished. Partner the board ought to be in accordance with the vital administration goals of the association and the kind of the partner that should be fulfilled ought to be considered relying upon the association type so as to guarantee that these desires are met. It is fundamental to initially recognize the different partners, their job in the association, the dynamic power they have in the association and how much their thoughts or standards would influence the accomplishment of the association. Once these are recognized, it is basic to build up a partner the executives procedure that is focused on fulfilling these partners as well as accomplishes the general target of the association (Freeman, 2001). In a multicultural association or where the association is tremendous and ranges across various landmasses and societies, the partner the executives system gets inescapable. It characterizes the specialized strategies and helps understanding the do’s and don’ts in each geographic area. It additionally accomplishes straightforwardness in tasks and encourages better interest of the partners in the dynamic procedure. More grounded business choices that are economical, long haul and moral are encouraged by a decent partner the board approach (Carroll and Buchholtz, 2014).Communication ManagementResearchers accept that not all partners of an association have equivalent significance. For instance, in a non-legislative association which is planned for helping individuals, the pubic may be the key partner instead of a business association which targets fulfilling the essential needs of the investors. Thus, in an assorted existence where the requirements of the associations cont rast, it is basic to comprehend the essential partners who should be fulfilled and devise a correspondence the board intend to guarantee that the correspondence to these partners are made in close to ongoing and in a successful way (Podnar and Jancic, 2006; Jacobson et al, 2009).Tuckman’s Communication ModelBruce Tuckman concocted a five stage correspondence model in the year 1975. These five stages incorporates: Framing Storming Norming Performing and Adjourning Framing: This is the place the pioneer gives the direction to the group and the underlying stage in the correspondence procedure. This is where the jobs and duties are indistinct Raging: Brainstorming exercises occur, bargains occur, clearness increments and the colleagues get

About horror movies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

About blood and gore flicks - Essay Example The sort of character they depict in these motion pictures is generally determined by their aspirations throughout everyday life. Not at all like men who become alright with their statuses immediately, ladies are doing whatever they can to either keep up their facial looks or get the fundamental human needs (Wada-Marciano 12). An elegant Mrs. Li, for instance, goes embraces a conduct of eating dumplings arranged from hatchling for her looks and reviving his spouses love Dumplings (Chan,2004). Ravenousness additionally adds to their characters in these blood and gore films since a portion of the females are directing hardhearted killings only for food. In Onibaba film, we see two ladies executing troopers, taking their defensive layer and exchanging them for delightful dinners. Such an activity depicts ravenousness since one needs to forfeit existence of another for a solitary feast. Onibaba(Shindo,1964). Aspiration and covetousness are depicted more astonishing in female than in men. Let us start with Dumplings perceptions. The film shows crafted by the accomplished cinematographer Christopher. He applies moving camera shots best observed when Mrs. Li and Mei visits a manor under development. The two banter about governmental issues as the camera moves with their discussion and moves. The second example of a moving camera is when Mei lures Mr. Li asking whether the dumplings work Dumplings (Chan,2004). Mrs. Li is rich, so she doesn't need to seek after material things yet she is after her blurring excellence. In seeking after her husband’s love lost to a masseuse, Mrs. Li looks for exhortation from the neighborhood Chef Mei, who gives her dumplings to make her more youthful and lovely. It works and Mr. Li begins adoring his better half again even without a thought of what's going on Dumplings (Chan,2004). Mrs. Li gets praises from companions for her childhood and magnificence, however someone perceives a fish like smell all over. Mr. Li requests to be taken to Mei and subsequent to taking the embryo dumplings, he experiences passionate feelings for Mei without

Financial Cycle and Comparative Macroeconomics

Question: Examine about the Financial Cycle and Comparative Macroeconomics. Answer: Presentation: As expressed by Panizza, U. furthermore, Presbitero (2013), GDP is the money related estimation of the items and administrations delivered inside a topographical locale of an economy and inside a budgetary year. Genuine GDP is the proportion of swelling balanced monetary yield. Genuine GDP is determined by separating ostensible GDP with GDP deflator. In the perspective on Filis and Chatziantoniou (2014), when GDP of an economy rises, per capita pay climbs upward. Increment in per capita salary can't improve the way of life totally. Increment in GDP demonstrates development of the economy. In any case, monetary development doesn't guarantee the improvement of the economy. As opined by Del Negro, Giannoni and Schorfheide (2014), development of genuine GDP reflects just the expansion in all out cash estimation of the yield. It doesn't demonstrate the improvement of each segment of individuals. In the perspective on Filis and Chatziantoniou (2014), development of one segment may occur wi th the compression of other part as the developing area may utilize the assets of contracting segment. During the period of industrialisation in an economy, air and water contamination ascends to influence the soundness of individuals. Development of an economy doesn't guarantee solid existence of individual inside a contaminated situation. Infections in the general public may increment without legitimate mindfulness and may lessen future. Way of life relies upon the improvement of different parts of life, for example, training, wellbeing. Gross domestic product development rate neglects to gauge salary variations and hence degree of destitution among individuals have a place with various pay gathering. For instance, China has the second most elevated GDP among all the nations close to United States, despite the fact that it remains at 84nd position in the social advancement file (Porter, Stern and Green 2016). Thusly, it very well may be expressed that genuine GDP is certifiably not a decent proportion of way of life. Joblessness rate is the all out number of jobless specialists in an economy among the whole work power. Joblessness rate is the level of jobless individuals of the all out work power, who are looking for work. Joblessness emerges in the economy when creation of complete products and enterprises are not exactly absolute interest. Elsby, Hobijn and ?ahin (2013) refered to that full work in an economy is accomplished when a nation uses all assets effectively in the creation of products and ventures. Various sorts of joblessness emerge in an economy, for example, occasional, frictional, basic and repetitive. Frictional joblessness emerges when an individual switches between employments. Joblessness emerges during the downturn and melancholy stage, when total interest in the economy isn't adequate to make employments in the economy. Joblessness rate increases, when the lowest pay permitted by law is set over the market clearing level. Firms are reluctant to utilize more specialists as the expense of creation rises. As indicated by Okuns Law, there is negative connection between development pace of genuine GDP and the recurrent joblessness (Bernal-Verdugo, Furceri and Guillaume 2012). It demonstrates that when genuine GDP falls, joblessness rate rises. In the expressions of Cho and Newhouse (2013), a characteristic pace of joblessness consistently saw in an economy. As expressed by Pissarides (2013), basic and regular joblessness are unavoidable in the economy. Occasional joblessness is seen principally in the agribusiness division, which is for the most part subject to the nature. A rancher becomes jobless when climate isn't agreeable to delivering crops. An individual without having required aptitudes can't be enrolled at an alternate division in short run. Basic joblessness is unavoidable in the short run. This sort of joblessness happens in the economy, when an economy travels starting with one stage then onto the next, for example, change from horticultural base to the modern base. This sort of joblessness is unavoidable. Cost of products and ventures falls in an economy, when there is a hole sought after and gracefully of merchandise. Buyer value record is the weighted normal of the costs of all customer merchandise (Mankiw 2014). CPI swelling happens in the economy with the expansion in the value file. Expansion catches changes in the value level of the items utilized by family units in the economy. Year Yearly Expansion rate 2005 83 - 2006 85.9 3% 2007 87.9 2% 2008 91.8 4% 2009 93.4 2% 2010 96.1 3% 2011 99.3 3% 2012 101 2% 2013 103.5 2% 2014 106 2% 2015 107.6 2% Table 1: CPI list promotion swelling rate in Australia (Source: abs.gov.au, 2016) It is concurred that expansion ascends with increment in cost of merchandise and enterprises. During government use in the economy rises, total utilization request ascends because of increment in per capita salary. CPI incorporates all the merchandise requested by families. In this manner, expanding per capita salary raises the total interest. Be that as it may, in short run, it isn't workable for the providers to build creation at the degree of interest. Subsequently, a hole emerges in the economy (Borio 2014). So as to fulfill the need, merchants raise the cost of products and consequently shopper value file rises. Expansion happens in the economy because of upward development of CPI. Figure 1 shows that swelling rate in Australia has a falling pattern and stays at 2% from 2012. Total interest is the whole of all out interest for merchandise and ventures in an economy at an expressed value level. Total interest bend slants descending as the interest for merchandise and ventures move the other way of value level (Mankiw 2014). Total interest bend shows the connection between the total value level and the genuine yield of the economy. Condition of total interest is expressed as follows: Promotion = C + I + G + NX, where C is utilization use, I speaks to speculation consumption, G shows government use and NX is the net fare request. One reason for adversely slant of AD bend is fall in genuine salary. At the point when value level ascents or expansion happens in the economy, genuine cash esteem falls. Henceforth, buying intensity of individual falls and this influences total interest. Besides, when import rises and fare falls because of fall in cost of outside products, trade segment agreements and there is fall in AD. Another explanation is impact of financing cost. Ostensible loan cost rises when expansion happens in the economy (Borio 2014). At the point when financing cost in the economy is high, speculation level falls and genuine yield level falls too. Per capita pay falls with the decline in genuine yield. Advertisement bend is descending inclining thus. In the perspective on Mankiw (2014), changes in assets can be balanced with the interest. It is accepted that after a point yield comes to at the ideal level by utilizing all the assets, for example, work, capital and innovation ideally. Since a long time ago run gracefully bend is vertical as it shows that flexibly gotten static over the long haul for a given degree of assets, when genuine yield is fixed. Development happens along the LRAS bend just because of progress in total interest. Short run total flexibly bend moves because of progress in wage rate, innovation, and increment in loan fee. Short run gracefully bend is upward inclining as providers get motivation to create more yield, when value level ascents. There is a positive connection between the total value level and the genuine yield of the economy. Thus, the SRAS bend upward inclining. References Bernal-Verdugo, L.E., Furceri, D. also, Guillaume, D., 2012. Work advertise adaptability and joblessness: new experimental proof of static and dynamic effects.Comparative Economic Studies,54(2), pp.251-273. Borio, C., 2014. The monetary cycle and macroeconomics: What have we learnt?.Journal of Banking Finance,45, pp.182-198. Cho, Y. also, Newhouse, D., 2013. How did the incredible downturn influence various kinds of laborers? Proof from 17 center pay countries.World Development,41, pp.31-50. Del Negro, M., Giannoni, M.P. furthermore, Schorfheide, F., 2014.Inflation in the incredible downturn and new keynesian models(No. w20055). National Bureau of Economic Research. Elsby, M.W., Hobijn, B. furthermore, ?ahin, A., 2013. Joblessness elements in the OECD.Review of Economics and Statistics,95(2), pp.530-548. Filis, G. furthermore, Chatziantoniou, I., 2014. Money related and fiscal strategy reactions to oil value stuns: proof from oil-bringing in and oil-trading countries.Review of Quantitative Finance and Accounting,42(4), pp.709-729. Mankiw, N.G., 2014.Principles of macroeconomics. Cengage Learning. Panizza, U. also, Presbitero, A.F., 2013. Open obligation and monetary development in cutting edge economies: A survey.Swiss Journal of Economics and Statistics,149(2), pp.175-204. Pissarides, C.A., 2013. Joblessness in the incomparable recession.Economica,80(319), pp.385-403. Doorman, M., Stern, S. what's more, Green, M. 2016. Social advancement file 2016. [online] socialprogressimperative.org. Accessible at: https://www.socialprogressimperative.org/wp-content/transfers/2016/06/SPI-2016-Main-Report.pdf [Accessed 4 Jan. 2017].

Dream Act free essay sample

Under the primary significant arrangement, the DREAM Act would permit unapproved outsider youth to acquire the status of Conditional Permanent Resident for an underlying time of six years, and afterward apply for lasting home and inevitable citizenship, in the event that they have met certain standards. The law offers undocumented workers a reprieve on in-state educational cost rates in the event that they go to a Maryland secondary school for a long time and on the off chance that they or their folks can show they recorded state annual charges during that time. The consequences for school acknowledgments for American residents will be affected by the demonstration applies to access to junior college first, which is open enlistment, so no openings of Maryland understudies are in danger. Understudies who complete 60 credits at a junior college and meet all requirements for acknowledgment to a four-year open school/college additionally don't impact other in-state candidates. The enactment explicitly addresses this issue by showing the in-state: out-of-state proportion kept up at every school/college should tally understudies conceded under the Dream Act towards the out-of-state portion. We will compose a custom article test on Dream Act or on the other hand any comparable theme explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page Understudies conceded under the Dream Act can't be included in the proportion of in-state understudies and in this manner are not taking seats at our four-year establishments from different Marylanders. In the United States, the Dream Act requires an expansion in state help for junior colleges of $778,400 for the following monetary year. The financial note doesn't reflect appraisals of how this demonstration will aid the assortment of duty dollars or a net increment in understudies paying educational cost who might not have in any case had the option to manage the cost of and join in. At the point when I decided on November 6, I casted a ballot for the Dream Act. As I would see it, I feel that if outsiders have been in the United States and have been paying expenses ought to be permitted to go to a college. The way toward turning into a United States resident is a long and incredibly troublesome one. I imagine that each individual merits an opportunity on the off chance that they are working for the option to turn into a piece of society. In 2003, Barbara Grutter affirmed that her Equal Protection rights were abused when the University of Michigan Law Schools endeavor to increase a differing understudy body brought about the refusal of her confirmations application. Getting into graduate school isn't a simple errand to be admitted to, and Grutter felt that she was not being dealt with similarly. The Supreme Court differ and held that foundations of advanced education have a real enthusiasm for advancing assorted variety. Grutter applied with a 3.8 undergrad GPA and a LSAT score of 161. She was denied confirmation. Also, authorities must look past grades and scores to supposed â€Å"soft variables,†, for example, recommenders’ energy, the nature of the undergrad foundation and the applicant’s article, and the regions and trouble of college class determination. I feel like the Supreme Court was right. The capacity to have a different class is essential. Schools and colleges have a genuine enthusiasm for advancing decent variety.

The Shailendra Kingdom of Java

The Shailendra Kingdom of Java In the eighth century CE, a Mahayana Buddhist realm jumped up on the focal plain of Java, presently in Indonesia. Â Soon, wonderful Buddhist landmarks bloomed over the Kedu Plain - and the most mind blowing of them everything was the enormous stupa of Borobudur. Â But who were these extraordinary manufacturers and devotees? Â Unfortunately, we don't have numerous essential chronicled sources about the Shailendra Kingdom of Java. Â Here is the thing that we know, or suspect, about this realm. Like their neighbors, the Srivijaya Kingdom of the island of Sumatra, the Shailendra Kingdom was an extraordinary maritime and exchanging realm. Â Also known as a thalassocracy, this type of government appeared well and good for a people situated at the key part purpose of the incomparable Indian Ocean sea exchange. Â Java is halfway between the silks, tea, and porcelains of China, toward the east, and the flavors, gold, and gems of India, toward the west. Â In expansion, obviously, the Indonesian islands themselves were well known for their intriguing flavors, looked for after all around the Indian Ocean bowl and past. Archeological proof recommends, in any case, that the individuals of Shailendra didn't depend totally upon the ocean for their living. Â The rich, volcanic soil of Java likewise yielded plentiful harvests of rice, which could have been devoured by the ranchers themselves or exchanged to passing shipper ships for a clean benefit. Â Where did the Shailendra individuals originate from? Â In the previous, students of history and archeologists have proposed different purposes of source for them dependent on their imaginative style, material culture, and dialects. Â Some said they originated from Cambodia, others India, still others that they were very much the same with the Srivijaya of Sumatra. Â It appears to be in all probability, nonetheless, that they were local to Java, and were impacted by a long shot flung Asian societies through the ocean borne exchange. Â The Shailendra appear to have developed around the year 778 CE. Strikingly, around then there was at that point another extraordinary realm in Central Java. Â The Sanjaya line was Hindu as opposed to Buddhist, however the two appear to have managed everything well for a considerable length of time. Â Both likewise had ties with the Champa Kingdom of the Southeast Asian terrain, the Chola Kingdom of southern India, and with Srivijaya, on the close by island of Sumatra. The decision group of Shailendra seems to have intermarried with the leaders of Srivijaya, truth be told. Â For model, the Shailendra ruler Samaragrawira made a marriage partnership with the little girl of a Maharaja of Srivijaya, a lady called Dewi Tara. Â This would have established exchange and political ties with her dad, the Maharaja Dharmasetu. For around 100 years, the two incredible exchanging realms Java appear to have calmly existed together. Â However, continuously 852, the Sanjaya appear to have pushed the Sailendra out of Central Java. Â Some engravings recommend that the Sanjaya ruler Rakai Pikatan (r. 838 - 850) ousted the Shailendra lord Balaputra, who fled to the Srivijaya court in Sumatra. Â According to legend, Balaputra then took power in Srivijaya. Â The last realized engraving referencing any individual from the Shailendra line is from the year 1025, when the incomparable Chola ruler Rajendra Chola I propelled an overwhelming intrusion of Srivijaya, and took the last Shailendra lord back to India as a prisoner. It is horribly disappointing that we don't have more data about this intriguing realm and its kin. Â After all, the Shailendra were clearly educated - they left engravings in three unique dialects, Old Malay, Old Javanese, and Sanskrit. Â However, these cut stone engravings are genuinely fragmentary, and dont give a total picture of even the rulers of Shailendra, not to mention the every day lives of common individuals. Fortunately, however, they left us the superb Borobudur Temple as an enduring landmark to their essence in Central Java.

United Nations Development Programme - Free Essay Example

You must have a work cited page in your position paper. Please use this link (Click here) if you need help with a work cited page. Position papers should be 1 ­2 pages in length (not including work? cited page), single spaced, Times in New Roman pt 12 font with normal 1 inch margins. Please have all papers uploaded by March 26, 2010. If you have any problems uploading your papers, please email them as attachments directly to your chairs by emailing [emailprotected] io Use the following heading for the paper: Delegates: Country: School: Committee: Topic: The Question of Long Term Natural Disaster Relief â€Å"For every glance behind us, we should look twice to the future† -Ban-ki Moon, SG of United Nations Introduction Natural disasters are an unfortunate part of nature. They destroy homes, injure or kill people, and displace entire villages. This happens many times in lesser developed areas, where aid is limited. The goal of this committee is to come up with long-term sol utions to this problem and to figure out ways that these affected people can receive useful aid in their time of need. The committee must also decide when a disaster-stricken area is self-sufficient once again. About UNDP UNDP, the United Nations Development Programme, is a â€Å"global development network, an organization advocating for change and connecting countries to knowledge, experience and resources to help people build a better life†. UNDP operates in 166 countries around the world. The UNDP is a major contributor to the Millennium Development Goals, especially the eradication of poverty, HIV/AIDS, crisis prevention, including natural disaster relief, environmental stability, and democratic governance. History of the Problem Natural disasters have taken place countless times throughout history. Unfortunately, the aftermath of these terrible occurrences seem to not only affect the area where the disaster took place, but the entire global community. â€Å"Disast er risk is increasingly of global concern and its impact and actions in one region can have an impact on risks in another, and vice versa. †1 The United Nations and many of its programs have worked tirelessly to reduce the impact of natural disasters and help affected nations recover from their sting. The issues of relief, prevention, and financial aid in the event of a natural disaster are not issues that were addressed only by the current generation. On December 11, 1987, the General Assembly declared in its 42nd session that the following decade (1990-1999) would be known as 1 Hyogo Framework for Action 2005-2015: Building the Resilience of Nations and Communities to Disasters the International Decade for Natural Disaster Reduction (IDNDR). The objective of the International Decade for Natural Disaster Reduction is to reduce through concerted international action, especially in developing countries, the loss of life, property damage and social and economic disruption cau sed by natural disasters†¦Ã¢â‚¬ 2 Calling upon the international community as well as individual governments, the IDNDR, which ended in 1999, managed to achieve many of their goals including better threat assessment of disasters, an increase in educational facilities focusing on disaster reduction, an increase of IDNDR committees and focal points in various countries, as well as better availability of information about natural disasters. 3 As a successor of the IDNDR, the United Nations set up the International Strategy for Disaster Reduction (ISDR) in December of 1999. The goals of this establishment include strengthening nations so they are able to bounce back from the consequences of natural disasters as well as stressing the importance of risk prevention strategies. But the backbone of the ISDR and all nations who are planning to reduce the risks posed by these natural disasters is the Hyogo Framework for Action 2005-2015: Building the Resilience of Nations and Communities to Disasters. Adopted at the World Conference on Disaster Reduction in Kobe, Japan, the Hyogo Framework is a comprehensive plan to tackle the problems posed by natural disasters. Building off of the Yokohoma Strategy for a Safer World: Guidelines for Natural Disaster Prevention, Preparedness and Mitigation (implemented in 1994), the Hyogo Framework identifies five specific areas which need to be strengthened in order to have an effective plan for disaster reduction and relief. These are â€Å"(a) Governance: organizational, legal and policy frameworks; (b) Risk identification, assessment, monitoring and early warning; (c) Knowledge management and education; (d) Reducing underlying risk factors; (e) Preparedness for effective response and recovery. 4 With these areas in mind, the Hyogo Framework hopes to strengthen what already exists and develop new ideas to ensure a safe future. 2 A/RES/44/236 International Decade for Natural Disaster Reduction 3 Statement by Syed Rafiqul Haqu e, Hon’ble Member of Bangladesh National Parliament to the General Assembly on November 8, 1999 regarding the IDNDR 4 The Hyogo Framework for Action 2005-2015: Building the Resilience of Nations and Communities to Disasters A couple of years ago, a devastating natural disaster struck the Indian Ocean on December 26, 2004. Caused by an earthquake of 9. 0 magnitude, a group of tsunamis swept away hundreds of thousands of lives, as well as homes and businesses. Within three hours after he heard the news of tsunamis caused by an earthquake in the Indian Ocean, veteran official Arjun Katoch, the officer on duty at the United Nations Geneva headquarters, mobilized the first group of disaster coordination teams. Ever since then, the United Nations has put forth various solutions and proposals to get the affected areas back on their feet. â€Å"UNDP’s central role involves mapping out and implementing strategies that give a boost to governments and communities trying to be gin recovery activities. †5 Since merely days after these tsunamis struck, UNDP has been working extremely hard to rebuild the affected area. With the adoption of the Hyogo Framework by the international community and the endless number of hours put in by the UN dedicated to disaster relief, UNDP hopes to bring more assistance to those darkened by natural disasters like the one aforementioned. Table I shows the relations between natural disasters and environmental vulnerability Type of Disasters| Ecological Effects| Effects on Infrastructure| Effects on Agriculture andForestry| Earthquakes Hurricanes,| Tremors and fissures. Land slidesLiquefactionUnderground settling and collapses. Avalanches and landslides. Changes in water courses. | Damage to constructions. Damage to roads, bridges,levees and canals. Damages to pipelines ,postsand cables. Undermining and burying ofstructures. River embankment causinglocal floods. Sinking of structures and buildings. Underground constr uctionsare affected. Damage and destruction of urban infrastructure (networks, streets, equipment and furniture). Destruction of hazardous waste storage tanks. | Losses in affected areas due tolandslides, avalanches or liquefaction. Temporary loss ofirrigation systems. Localized losses of plants, andvegetative and forest covers.. | Typhoons andCyclones, TropicalStorms| Gales and constant windsFlooding(due to heavy rains,swelling of rivers and| Damage to buildingsInterruption, rupture and/orcollapsing of distribution| Loss of vegetative cover,tree-falling, crop damage. Erosion affects root crops| Survivors of the Tsunami: One Year Later, UNDP Assisting Communities to Build Back Better | riversbraking their banks). Landslides AvalanchesSoil erosion Sedimentation of rivers Damage to coral reefs| linesDamage to bridges and roadsdue to landslides. | and tubers. Change in natural and man-madedrainage systems. Soil sedimentation,salinization,contamination and erosion. | Droughts| Soil dryi ng and cracking;lossof the vegetative cover. Exposure to wind erosion. Desertification. Fires| Does not provoke majoreffects| Loss of crops andvegetative cover. Erosion and forest damage. Sand and infertile soil deposits. Crop cycles altered. Development of dryclimate, drought resistant vegetation, thorn bushesand cactacea. Floods| ErosionSoil over-saturation, destabilization and landslides Sedimentation| Loosening of buildingfoundations and piles. Burying and sliding of infrastructure and constructions Sedimentation and blockageof canals and drainage systems.. | Destruction of crops,alteration of crop types and harvest cycles. Damage located in lands, planting andforest areas. Increased moisture improves soilquality in some areas, turning theminto productive ones (if onlytemporarily). | Tsunamis andEarthquakes| FloodsSalinization and sedimentation in coastal stripsPollution of water streams and water tables. | Destruction of buildings ,bridges, roads, irrigation anddrainage systems . | Damage to crops (harvest)Destruction of coastal plantations. Alteration of coastal fauna cyclesFishing is affected. | Volcanic eruptions| Fires, loss in vegetativecover. Deposit of incandescent material and lava. Deposits of volcanic ash. LandslidesLiquefactionsIce melting and avalanchesMud flows| Destruction of buildings andother infrastructure. Collapsing of roofs due todeposits of volcanic ash. Buildings are buried. FiresCanals, bridges and lines oftransmission (above and underground) are affected.. | Wide-spread defoliation. Damage to vegetative and forestcovers. Fire in areas close to the volcaniceruption. Crops are buried; productive lands are damaged due to sedimentation,pollution and landslides. Fire in plantations. Deposits of volcanic ash onundamaged soils may increase soilFertility in the long run. | Source: Frederick C. Cuny, Disasters and prevention, Oxford University Press, New York, 1983 Current Status United States of America August 26, 2005 Hurricane Katri na hit the southern coast of the United States of America. It was allegedly reported that more than 1800 people were lost and nearly $81 billion dollars in damages occurred. The storm had a massive impact on land affecting 90,000 square miles. Over 80% of the city of New Orleans was flooded. Both Hurricane Katrina and Rita have been labeled as the deadliest hurricane in the nation’s history. Yet many researchers believe that the effects of Katrina were enhanced primarily because of the extreme poverty, failing education system, low wages and weak tax base that were rampant even 40 years before the devastating hurricane. The hurricane’s impact however has been seemingly everlasting. As the rate of spending increases annually many economists fear that the hurricane interrupted potential oil sources due to the destruction of the Gulf Coast’s highways. Katrina destroyed 30 oil platforms and closed nine refineries. 1. 3 million acres of forest lands have been dest royed. In addition thousands of local residents that are displaced remain unemployed. Before Katrina the region supported more than 1 million non-farm jobs with nearly 800,000 of them in New Orleans. In contrast, the USA has been experiencing severe droughts as the mid west and north east have had contrary to the normal weather. California once again has been suffering from severe wild fires. More than 2000 residents have been ordered to flee from the region near Santa Cruz. The fire began in mid-August near the Pacific Coast about 60 miles south of San Francisco and burned over 2800 acres. Most residents evacuated before any serious damage occurred. Both strong winds and the regions dry condition have made it hard for the fire to be contained. Mexico and Canada The devastating effects of global warming have been evident in Mexico for many decades. Most of the early natural disasters were earthquakes. In 1985 Mexico City lost thousands of people when ten buildings collapsed un der the strength of an 8. 1 magnitude earthquake. In1988 Huricane Gilberto hit the coast of the Culg of Mexico causing much damage to Yucatan, also devastating 50% of the beaches and thus tourism. In 1995 Hurricane Henriette and Ismael hit San Lucas and Sinaloa requiring the Ministry of National Defense to provide services to the victims. Within a few months earthquakes hit cities on the coast such as Guerrero, Oaxaca and Jalisco. Hurricane Paulina hit the same area two years later. In addition to all of these things many Mexican rivers overflowed in 1999 affection the areas of Hidalgo, Veracruz and Puebla. Hurricane Wilma in 2005 however, has been the most expensive natural disaster in Mexico’s history. In 2007 the State of Tabasco especially experience one of it’s greatest disasters not only for the number of victims but the amount of material losses and resources needed to fix the region. Tabasco is a low-lying state in eastern Mexico. Torrential rains that year surpassed the capacity of the rivers; Grijalva, Usumacinta, Carrizal and Mazcalapa as well as the Penitas dam covering nearly 80% of the land with water. The city’s capital, Villahermosa is compared to New Orleans in 2005. The floodgates were later opened causing a flood tragedy. More than half the population lost their homes and all their material possessions. Those who survived climbed onto rooftops waiting to be rescued. It was necessary to use armed forces in order to restore function to the town and protect the citizens. The effects of the natural disaster were made worse by the realization that the states staple crops’, banana, chili and corn, were all lost. It is important to note that the first priority of the Mexican government was to rescue the victims, house, and feed and clothe the refugees and deal with the growing problem of cholera and all other water-borne diseases (banderasnewsx. com). Later in 2007, an avalanche in Chiapas caused an immense wave th at buried the town of Juan de Grijalva (explorandomexico. com). Recent reports have stated that the risk to people in Canada with respect to natural disasters is â€Å"medium low† with floods and landsides most likely to claim lives. However within the last two decades Canada has been suffering from it’s largest natural disasters which experts believe will get bigger and worse each year. Earthquakes have remained a constant over the past 50 years but weather-related disasters have skyrocketed. Climate change is said to exacerbate the already extreme weather. Canada like Mexico suffer from floods, snowmelt accounting for 40%. Some research suggests that a greater percentage of Canadas rainfall is occurring in heavy downpours, much responsibility for the upward trend in flood disasters is because of man. Flooding in urban areas has been greatly exacerbated by extensive aving (which reduces the penetration of water into the ground), aging sewer systems that are less ab le to cope with larger loads, and the construction of roads, homes, and other structures on flood plains (ec. gc. org) . Ironically droughts have been the most expensive of Canada’s natural disasters. Canada has experienced 40 dry spells within the last 200 years. All four of Canada’s deadliest droughts have taken place within the last 25 years the most recent in 2001 costing the government over $5 billion. Droughts are related to reduced stream flow, water levels and runoff. Drought’s cannot be predicted but the impacts can be ameliorated by water and soil conservation, grassland management and forest-fire watches. Asia Bangladesh, China, India and Indonesia led the ranking for countries where most people are at risk from one or more of the natural disasters studied. Many Asian countries such as China, Taiwan and Japan are on high alert for natural disasters this year. Typhoon Morakot left nearly nine million people in both China and Taiwan homeless while bo th Tropical Storm Etau and earthquake struck Japan. At the same time major earthquakes broke out in the Indian Ocean off India’s A NOTE FROM BAN KI-MOON UN Secretary General Ban Ki-moon called for urgent action to minimize disaster damages in Asia. At the opening of the UN International Strategy for Disaster Reduction Ban said We know that prevention is better than the cure. Yet too often, there is a tendency to defer action until after disasters occur. Ban underscored the importance of building risk reduction capacities as well as raising public awareness (ptinews. com). Andaman Islands which prompted tsunami alerts for India, Myanmar, Indonesia, Thailand and Bangladesh. China After Typhoon Morakot hit China’s coast a massive landslide hit more than six apartment buildings in residential eastern China. The landslides were allegedly triggered by heavy rains carried by the storms which killed six people and left three missing in mainland China. Officials said that s earch operations were hampered by huge amounts of earth and rock. The typhoon forced 1. million Chinese to evacuate. In Taiwan however, the story was different. A mudslide touched off by Morakot buried a remote mountain village leaving 400 people missing. The region was hit with more than 2 meters of rain before crossing the Taiwan Strait. The brunt of the storm lay in the agricultural south and foliated mountain side. All farmlands and cities are now swamped with murky water. The death toll in Taiwan alone is 38 and rising. Although the countries Cabinet did set aside more than $600 million in emergency duns to help relief work, its effectiveness is still in speculation. The Typhoon as of current also killed 22 people in the Philippines. Japan Japan was hit by two very potent earthquakes. The first registered a 7. 6, hit 257 km north of Port Blair in India’s Andaman Islands. Many people became very anxious as the region suffered from one of the worst tsunamis in 2004. The earthquake appeared to occur at a depth of 33 km. One death but several casualties were reported. The earthquakes halted many trains and forced two nuclear reactors to shut down. It should be dually noted that reactors are automatically shut down whenever a quake of certain strength is registered. It is noted that more than 80 people suffered injuries from falling. India India suffered from one of the worst natural calamities that the world has ever seen. After the tsunami hit a major problem was the remaining sea water and mud. As of right now the primary goals of NGO’s is land reclamation and renewing agriculture in the region. Sea water that had flooded fields destroyed most standing crops. Environmentalists did fear that salt would seep into remaining water sources such as small ponds. They found however that the ph of the soul did not change but electric conductivity increased tremendously in certain places which has a reverse effect on the desalination process. Anot her problem is the fact that carbon content has dropped which means that little micro-organisms exist in the soil. In some places sand and silt deposits have risen up to three feet. Because of the salt any fertilizer will render ineffective for at least two years. The immediate task of all workers after the tsunami was removing sand deposits off the top soil, cleaning irrigation tanks and essentially using green manure seeds to produce biomass that would increase carbon content. The Indian government did promise compensation packages provided to families of up to 12,500 rupees per hectare for three years. This however does not take into account specific crop types and losses incurred by specific farming communities. Yet because the cost of reclamation varies from place to place not every community has received what it needs to survive. European Union In comparison to other parts of the world, Europe is relatively safe from natural disasters. Environmentalists have concluded th at Denmark and Finland are two of the world’s safest places for avoiding natural disasters which combined risk to populations from earthquakes, floods, landslides and tropical cyclones. Yet even the safest of places can have a history of wild unpredictable weather. As a result of Europe’s diverse climatic characteristics it is susceptible to different extremes of natural events. The large river systems of western, central and eastern Europe as well as the small streams of the Mediterranean are prone to flooding. Southern Europe is more vulnerable to droughts. Eastern and western parts deal with severe forest fires while the British Isles deal with severe storms. On average over 20 cyclones hit the British Isles yearly which are coupled with heavy rain and severe flooding. In 1953 protective dikes crumbled leaving large portions of the Netherlands flooded and nearly 1800 people dead. Within the last few years Italy, Germany, Belgium and France have all seen a rise in water levels. Central Europe became particularly worried when in 1997 the River Oder overflowed causing serious damage. Heavy overnight storms in mid-august, have left nine people dead and dozens injured. Poland was the hardest hit, with seven deaths, after winds reached nearly 130kms and hour. Trees were uprooted and power lines were toppled leaving thousands of people without power. Reporters state that the fatalities were the result of fallen trees and electrocution by power lines. The Czech Republic and Austria saw large-scale flooding and mass devastation In addition, the Mediterranean has been suffering from forest fires. On average Europe experiences 65,000 fires a year which destroys more than 500,000 hectares of land. Their is no European common policy of fire prevention. The power lies in individual state. The European Union has formed a fire intervention force based in Corsica and Sardinia. Although most of these fires are caused by man, many natural factors such a s drought, wind speed and topography influence the spread. Earthquakes however seem to now take a more prominent role than it did before. Within the last 15 years 5000 people have died in countries within the European Union. In 1980 earthquakes in southern Italy killed nearly 4580 people leaving 250,000 homeless. Earthquakes in Grevena, Greece and Assisi have caused even greater damage. Probably the most devastating earthquake in current history occurred April 6, 2009 in L’Aquila, Italy which is only 70 miles away from Rome. The small medieval town was struck by a 6. 2 magnitude earthquake. The tremor occurred around 3:00 a. m. killing nearly 150 sleeping victims. More than 50,000 people were left without homes and shelter. Damage occurred to the Basilica di Santa Marida di Collemaggio which has stood the test of time since 1300. The National Museum of Abruzzo as well as the bell-tower of San Bernadino also were destroyed. Many nearby villages especially that of Onna were fla ttened (nydailynews. com). 1,360 structures, 765 churches and 535 buildings have been added to the list of those in and around the city that need repair and restoration. As of now firemen who work in Italy’s Alpine region have been deployed to making sure that the remaining buildings are kept safe. In addition with help from various non-government organizations L’Aquila will be functioning once again in a couple of years. (bbcnews. com) Africa On top of the man made crisis in Africa, these impoverished nations must deal with extreme living environments. One study showed that 65% of natural disasters in Africa were caused by epidemics while 40% of the population suffered from drought. At the end of 2006 alone an estimated 9. 7 million people were displaced due to conflict and floods. 21. 8 million people were affected by droughts. In 2006 it became known that 53% of all refugee camps were in Africa. One of the most notorious natural tragedies was the ENSLO floods in 1998 that affected southern and eastern Africa. Both the ENSLO and the Mozambique floods in early 2000-2001 caused considerable damage to property and infrastructure. Roads and railways between Kenya, Uganda, Rwanda and Tanzania were all ruined, impeding the movement of goods and persons. Also projected rise in coastal waters have increased the vulnerability of floods in places such as Banjul in Gambia. Coastal erosion is already a major problem in many areas. Later in 2007 floods once again hit West and East Africa particularly affecting Ethiopia, Sudan, Ghana and Uganda. Organization such as the Department for International Development contributed ? 8. 3 million. In Ghana, DFID’s funding of ? 50,000 through the International Federation Red Cross (IFRC) helped provide emergency shelter and clean water for 60,000 people. And in northern Ghana, DFID is supporting a livelihood recovery programme through CARE that aims to build the resilience of communities to cope with futur e flooding and other shocks. Another natural disaster that the international community should look into is the Goma volcanic eruption. In January 2002 Mount Nyamuragira erupted for the first time in 25 years sending hot lava through eastern Democratic Republic of Congo. 40% of the city was destroyed, 45 people died and 400,000 were displaced. The eruption left 120,000 permanently homeless. Because the DRC was overwhelmed by the scale of the disaster UNDP contributed 4. million dollars to relief aid. Kenya in 2002, 2005 and late 2005 dealt with serious flooding. Kenya was a also a victim of the 2004 tsunami that devastated other parts of the Indian Ocean. More recently the country has been experienced a painful drought and subsequent food scarcity. Middle East According to Ban-ki Moon more than 37 million people have been affected by natural disasters that have hit the region in the past 20 years causing more than $19 billion. Though the Gulf countries have been less exposed to natur al disasters, rising sea levels threaten Bahrain, Egypt and Djibouti. Many Arab countries to a lesser extent also suffer from drought and earthquakes. The Middle East and North Africa have seen a variety of disasters in the last 20 years ranging from droughts that affected Sudan and Somalia, flooding in Morocco, earthquakes in Egypt and Algeria as well as cyclones that hit Oman and United Arab Emirates in 2007. The Secretary General’s current report says that within the next two years Oman, UAE, Saudi Arabia, Yemen and Iraq will be hit by many droughts while earthquakes with affect large portions of both Oman and Bahrain all due to global warming. Scientists who have studied the region believe Factors that make us less vulnerable: †¢better warning and emergency-response systems; †¢greater economic capacity; †¢well-established government disaster- assistance programs and private insurance companies; †¢better government policies; †¢community initiati ves; advances in science and engineering; and †¢Major risk-reduction programs, such as the Red River Floodway. Factors that make us more vulnerable: †¢population growth (+24 per cent between 1980 and 1998); †¢urbanization; †¢environmental degradation; †¢urban sprawl in hazard-prone areas; †¢loss of community memory about hazardous events due to increased mobility; †¢an aging population †¢an aging infrastructure, unable to cope with environmental loads; †¢greater reliance on power, water, transportation, and communication systems; and †¢Historical over-reliance on technological solutions. that countries such as Egypt and Bahrain have a high likelihood of submersion within the next 100. Many leaders such as Sheikh Mohammed bin Rashid the vice president of the UAE believe that the future possibilities of disasters only add the present difficulties of poverty, famine, education and healthy. Although many Middle Eastern countries are n ot focused on disaster prevention the chances of a natural disaster occurring is increasing due to global warming, continued environment destruction and population growth makes for unsafe cities. Current Hurricane Season The summer of 2009 has brought with it many delayed but unexpected surprises. Traditionally hurricane season starts June 1st and ends November 30th. Last year more than five tropical depressions formed over the Atlantic. The first hurricane of the season was Hurricane Bill. Forecasters predicted that the storm would strengthen to a Category 3 bypassing U. S hot zones such as Florida and Louisiana. The hurricane was predicted to reach Bermuda instead. Tropical Storm Ana was also predicted to make landfall in Florida but changing weather patterns could possibly change the storms path. Around the same time Bill and Ana formed, Tropical Storm Claudette was predicted to hit the Florida coast. Bill will be the first category three hurricane since 2005 (Wilma) to hit th e U. S. Proposed Solutions Many actions are being taken in order to help protect human lives during natural disasters. Many nations who do not have a strong infrastructure are dependent upon the help of others to provide low cost communication systems and other resources in order to communicate with those who cannot communicate during the time of a natural disaster. Many companies have started innovating new technology that can help those who are victims to natural disasters. One Company is TIDES which stands for Transportable Infrastructures for Development and Emergency Support. This company finds low cost solutions for those who become homeless due to natural disaster. This company bases the infrastructure that it provides around shelter, water and communication technology. Other companies and organizations are investing in solar power and wind power stations in order to generate electricity in areas where electricity is wiped out. Technology that can be powered naturally i s the most beneficial type of technology because it can be used in nations where there is no electrical source. Solar powered machines and daily gadgets can be used as a temporary relief to those who have lost everything and in areas where no other power can be generated. Communication is a major resource that can benefit when helping victims from natural disasters. When responding to natural disasters it is imperative for search and rescue teams to keep in contact with control centers. In order for immediate relief and the fastest way to help victims, search and rescue teams can enter the disaster zone and rescue those who are in danger. After the search and rescue mission the implementation of infrastructure is the next important step that must be taken. In some cases satellite equipment can be used to assure relief across the world. Satellites are fast and quick in order to quickly provide relief to nations in need. Satellites provide high quality connectivity and fast deploym ent. Many companies have created satellites that can be used in time of disaster to quickly discover where the disaster has hit and how to provide help. The innovation of new technology is the best and most productive way to helping victims of natural disasters. Technology can provide location of the distressed people, information regarding the disaster and communication between control centers and rescuers and between the victims and rescuers. Naturally powered technology can help save lives and help to provide a simple way to temporary living during the time of recovery in a location that is distressed due to natural disasters. Nations who invest into new technology will be able to proactively respond to natural disasters that occur in their nation or in surrounding nations across the globe. Bloc Positions North America North America is no stranger to cases of natural disasters, for the nations in such a block are either have been affected by such cases, or have provided aid to them. The Caribbean is often hit by tropical storms and hurricanes during the Atlantic hurricane season, which lasts from June to November each year. These storms severely set back development efforts in a country already overwhelmed with huge social, economic and environmental challenges ,which in turn decrease its capacity to respond and cope with natural disasters. However, there has been progress regarding the reaction of these cases, decreasing their impact as time goes by. A key role in this improvement is led by UNDP through its projects to work with the many challenges nations like these face, one being severe poverty. UNDP has been working with the national disaster risk management systems of these nations in an effort to establish a national civil protection programme where it has not existed. Donor nations work with UNDP to rebuild livelihoods in tsunami areas and in areas where the relief effort has made reconstruction possible. South America Regions in South Amer ica have also been badly affected by the same natural disasters that have hit North America, notably with the damage in infrastructure. In response, authorities provide what humanitarian relief they can, while the United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA,) in particular, had deployed one of its regional response advisers from nearby nations. The National Emergency Management Organization (NEMO) of certain states also provide relief supplies, particularly food to all the affected areas using assets from the respective countrys defense force, military, and foreign aid to access those communities that are difficult to reach by road. UNDP has coordinated recovery efforts, which has brought in national, international and UN relief workers in response to cases of emergency that plead for international humaitarian assistance. UNDP still actively remains in the affected areas, working toward the overall strengthening of the affected states ability to respo nd to and mitigate the effects of future disasters. Southeast Asia Natural disasters are capable of erasing decades of economic and social development, further cementing poverty and inequality throughout the Asia-Pacific. How nations deal with natural disasters have varied, bearing on sustainable development and the quality of life throughout the Asia-Pacific. According to U. N. estimates, natural disasters killed nearly 236,000 people and caused $181 billion in economic damage. These countries are considered most at risk from deaths from floods, landslides, and other hazards as a result of cyclones and other forces of nature. Unfortunately, many of these nations are particularly vulnerable to climate change given their location. In some cases, the effects of these alterations lead to inundation. Relief operations have proved to be difficult to carry out until the flood waters recede. To help increase response to disasters such as the aforementioned, ddonations have been made to the High Level Conference on the Central Emergency Response Fund (CERF) organized by the UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA), working toward the fund’s $500 million target in 2008. Europe Europe’s diverse geophysical and climatic characteristics make it susceptible to a wide range of extreme natural events. The large river systems of western, central and eastern Europe, and the smaller streams of the Mediterranean make the seas at risk of flooding. Southern Europe is prone to drought, the Mediterranean and eastern Europe to forest fires, western Europe and the British Isles to storms, mountain areas such as the Alps, the Pyrenees and the Carpathians to avalanches and specific areas such as the central and eastern Mediterranean to earthquakes and volcanic eruptions. The western Balkans area and Turkey face threats from many natural hazards, including floods, droughts, forest fires, earthquakes and landslides, and those threats may increas e. While these countries are increasingly suffering from the detrimental effects of climate change, many of their economies provide potential for enhancing efficient relief. Along with the United States, the EU nations of Sweden, Britain, and Germany allocate 10 percent of humanitarian aid to such efforts. Africa Within the past decade, natural disasters have damaged many regions of Africa, leading to a considerable loss of life and livelihoods, especially in 2008. In West Africa, floods or severe drought have affected a number of countries. Because of these crises, many homes, crops, and infrastructure had been destroyed. This has placed the affected African nations in a difficult position, for they also are faced with obstacles of the global food crisis. Although a flash appeals for these cases have been funded in what may seem efficient in UN efforts, these crises are continued for some months because harvest is not effective until the next summer. Presently, UNDP helps cou ntries â€Å"mainstream natural disaster reduction, as well as prevent, and recover from, armed conflicts through capacity building and the promotion of better governance networks. † Middle East Droughts, floods, and other weather-related events are a growing threat in the Middle East. According to the Human Development Report 2007/08, the Arab States region is the most vulnerable in the world to climatic changes, with predicted impacts ranging from increased droughts to land degradation and desertification. Historically, disaster management in Arab states revolved around floods, focusing on rescue and relief. After each disaster, the government directs substantial expenses towards rescue, relief and rehabilitation. The October 005 earthquake caused widespread devastation in theses nation, compelling some governments to these nations to form its own Federal Relief Commission (FRC) to manage the response to this natural disaster. The primary task of the FRC is to undertake the large scale relief operation in the areas of search and rescue, health, water, food and shelter, later moving into the reconstruction and rehabilitation phase. However, since the damage to government institutions had been immense, the capacities in departments of the like have been severely limited. Position Paper Questions 1. What is your country’s history with natural disasters? 2. What has your country done in the past to aid recovery domestically? Internationally? 3. Does you country use non-governmental organizations to provide aid? 4. How does your country feel about the Hyogo Framework for Action? 5. What are your country’s priorities in receiving or providing disaster aid? 6. What is your country doing to raise awareness and prevent natural disasters? Resolution Questions 1. How can relief efforts be made as cost-effective as possible? 2. How can relief be made as eco-friendly as possible? 3. How will relief projects be funded, not depending on the World Ba nk, in the short term? long term? 4. How will developing states contribute to disaster aid? 5. What can be done to prevent disease outbreaks in disaster-stricken areas? 6. Should bloc policies be made in regions that are more disaster prone in addition to independent policies? If so what would be some specific guidelines? *Please not that the chairs would like to see the use of some green technology incorporated into a resolution. One thing that will not be tolerated in the committee is the creation of another sub- organization or body. As UNDP we do not have any power to authorize such a creation and as such we will not allow it. You must use previously existing bodies! Also all delegates should research in depth the crisis in Haiti as a reference point! See next page for helpful links. Sources https://www. gdrc. org/uem/disasters/disenvi/Panorama-Envi-Impact. pdf https://www. news. com. u/story/0,27574,25911549-29277,00. html https://www. ptinews. com/news/225334_Ban-calls-for- minimal-disaster-damage-in-Asia https://www. vancouversun. com/news/Colombians+highest+risk+natural+disasters/1700591/story. html https://www. undp. org/about/ https://www. cas. umt. edu/mun/2006/2006topics_UNDP. pdf https://www. encyclopedia. com/topic/United_Nations_Development_Program. aspx https://www. unifem. org/about/ https://www. undp. org/mdg/undps_role. shtml https://www. undp. org/about/ https://www. undp. org/about/chart. shtml https://www. euronews. net/2009/08/17/europe-s-fight-against-the-forest-fire/ https://www. euronews. net/2009/07/24/storms-ravage-eastern-europe/

Unanswered Questions on Romeo and Juliet Scholarly Essay Topics

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